8. Phase D: Technology Architecture

This chapter describes the development of a Technology Architecture for an architecture project.

8.1 Objectives

The objectives of Phase D are to:

• Develop the Target Technology Architecture that enables the Architecture Vision, target business, data, and application building blocks to be delivered through technology components and technology services, in a way that addresses the Statement of Architecture Work and stakeholder concerns
• Identify candidate Architecture Roadmap components based upon gaps between the Baseline and Target Technology Architectures

8.2 Inputs

This section defines the inputs to Phase D.

8.2.1 Reference Materials External to the Enterprise

• Architecture reference materials (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content)
• Product information on candidate products

8.2.2 Non-Architectural Inputs

• Request for Architecture Work (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content)
• Capability Assessment (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content)
• Communications Plan (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content)

8.2.3 Architectural Inputs

• Organizational Model for Enterprise Architecture (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content), including:
  • Scope of organizations impacted
  • Maturity assessment, gaps, and resolution approach
  • Roles and responsibilities for architecture team(s)
  • Constraints on architecture work
  • Budget requirements
  • Governance and support strategy
• Tailored Architecture Framework (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content), including:
  • Tailored architecture method
  • Tailored architecture content (deliverables and artifacts)
  • Configured and deployed tools
• Technology principles (see the TOGAF Standard — ADM Techniques), if existing
• Statement of Architecture Work (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content)
• Architecture Vision (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content)
• Architecture Repository (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content), including:
  • Re-usable building blocks
  • Publicly available reference models
  • Organization-specific reference models
  • Organization standards
• Draft Architecture Definition Document, which may include Baseline and/or Target Architectures of any architecture domain
• Draft Architecture Requirements Specification (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content), including:
  • Gap analysis results (from Business, Data, and Application Architectures)
  • Relevant technical requirements from previous phases
• Business, Data, and Application Architecture components of an Architecture Roadmap (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content)

8.3 Steps

The level of detail addressed in Phase D will depend on the scope and goals of the overall architecture effort.

New technology building blocks being introduced as part of this effort will need to be defined in detail during Phase D. Existing technology building blocks to be supported in the target environment may need to be redefined in Phase D to ensure interoperability and fit-for-purpose within this specific Technology Architecture.

The order of the steps in Phase D as well as the time at which they are formally started and completed should be adapted to the situation at hand in accordance with the established Architecture Governance. In particular, determine whether in this situation it is appropriate to conduct Baseline Description or Target Architecture development first, as described in the TOGAF Standard — Applying the ADM.

All activities that have been initiated in these steps should be closed during the Finalize the Technology Architecture step (see 8.3.8 Finalize the Technology Architecture). The documentation generated from these steps must be formally published in the Create/Update the Architecture Definition Document step (see 8.3.9 Create/Update the Architecture Definition Document).

The steps in Phase D are as follows:

• Select reference models, viewpoints, and tools (see 8.3.1 Select Reference Models, Viewpoints, and Tools)
• Develop Baseline Technology Architecture Description (see 8.3.2 Develop Baseline Technology Architecture Description)
• Develop Target Technology Architecture Description (see 8.3.3 Develop Target Technology Architecture Description)
• Perform gap analysis (see 8.3.4 Perform Gap Analysis)
• Define candidate roadmap components (see 8.3.5 Define Candidate Roadmap Components)
• Resolve impacts across the Architecture Landscape (see 8.3.6 Resolve Impacts Across the Architecture Landscape)
• Conduct formal stakeholder review (see 8.3.7 Conduct Formal Stakeholder Review)
• Finalize the Technology Architecture (see 8.3.8 Finalize the Technology Architecture)
• Create/Update the Architecture Definition Document (see 8.3.9 Create/Update the Architecture Definition Document)

8.3.1 Select Reference Models, Viewpoints, and Tools

Review and validate the set of technology principles. These will normally form part of an overarching set of Architecture Principles. Guidelines for developing and applying principles, and a sample set of technology principles, are given in the TOGAF Standard — ADM Techniques.

Select relevant Technology Architecture resources (reference models, patterns, etc.) from the Architecture Repository (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content), on the basis of the business drivers, stakeholders, and their concerns.

Select relevant Technology Architecture viewpoints that will enable the architect to demonstrate how the stakeholder concerns are being addressed in the Technology Architecture.

Identify appropriate tools and techniques to be used for capture, modeling, and analysis, in association with the selected viewpoints. Depending on the degree of sophistication required, these may comprise simple documents and spreadsheets, or more sophisticated modeling tools and techniques.

8.3.1.1 Determine Overall Modeling Process

For each viewpoint, select the models needed to support the specific view required, using the selected tool or method. Ensure that all stakeholder concerns are covered. If they are not, create new models to address them, or augment existing models (see above).

The process to develop a Technology Architecture incorporates the following steps:

• Define a taxonomy of technology services and logical technology components (including standards)
• Identify relevant locations where technology is deployed
• Carry out a physical inventory of deployed technology and abstract up to fit into the taxonomy
• Look at application and business requirements for technology
• Is the technology in place fit-for-purpose to meet new requirements (i.e., does it meet functional and non-functional requirements)?
  • Refine the taxonomy
  • Product selection (including dependent products)
• Determine configuration of the selected technology
• Determine impact:
  • Sizing and costing
  • Capacity planning
  • Installation/governance/migration impacts

In the earlier phases of the ADM, certain decisions made around service granularity and service boundaries will have implications on the technology component and the technology service. The areas where the Technology Architecture may be impacted will include the following:

• Performance: the granularity of the service will impact on technology service requirements

  Coarse-grained services contain several units of functionality with potentially varying non-functional requirements, so platform performance should be considered. In addition, coarse-grained services can sometimes contain more information than actually required by the requesting system.

• Maintainability: if service granularity is too coarse, then introducing changes to that service becomes difficult and impacts the maintenance of the service and the platform on which it is delivered
• Location and Latency: services might interact with each other over remote links and inter-service communication will have in-built latency

  Drawing service boundaries and setting the service granularity should consider platform/location impact of these inter-service communications.

• Availability: service invocation is subject to network and/or service failure

  High communication availability is an important consideration during service decomposition and defining service granularity.

Product selection processes may occur within the Technology Architecture phase where existing products are re-used, incremental capacity is being added, or product selection decisions are a constraint during project initiation.

Where product selection deviates from existing standards, involves significant effort, or has wide-ranging impact, this activity should be flagged as an opportunity and addressed through the Opportunities & Solutions phase.

8.3.1.2 Identify Required Catalogs of Technology Building Blocks

Catalogs are inventories of the core assets of the business. Catalogs are hierarchical in nature and capture a decomposition of a metamodel entity and also decompositions across related model entities (e.g., technology service -> logical technology component -> physical technology component).

Catalogs form the raw material for development of matrices and diagrams and also act as a key resource for managing the business and IT capability.

The Technology Architecture should create technology catalogs as follows:

• Based on existing technology catalogs and analysis of applications carried out in the Application Architecture phase, collect a list of products in use
• If the requirements identified in the Application Architecture are not met by existing products, extend the product list by examining products available on the market that provide the functionality and meet the required standards
• Classify products against the selected taxonomy if appropriate, extending the model as necessary to fit the classification of technology products in use
• If technology standards are currently in place, apply these to the technology component catalog to gain a baseline view of compliance with technology standards

The TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content contains a detailed description of catalogs which should be considered for development within a Technology Architecture, describing them in detail and relating them to entities, attributes, and relationships in the TOGAF Enterprise Metamodel.

8.3.1.3 Identify Required Matrices

Matrices show the core relationships between related model entities.

Matrices form the raw material for development of diagrams and also act as a key resource for impact assessment.

The TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content contains a detailed description of matrices which should be considered for development within a Technology Architecture, describing them in detail and relating them to entities, attributes, and relationships in the TOGAF Enterprise Metamodel.

8.3.1.4 Identify Required Diagrams

Diagrams present the Technology Architecture information from a set of different perspectives (viewpoints) according to the requirements of the stakeholders.

This activity provides a link between platform requirements and hosting requirements, as a single application may need to be physically located in several environments to support local access, development lifecycles, and hosting requirements.

For major baseline applications or application platforms (where multiple applications are hosted on the same infrastructure stack), produce a stack diagram showing how hardware, operating system, software infrastructure, and packaged applications combine.

If appropriate, extend the Application Architecture diagrams of software distribution to show how applications map onto the technology platform.

For each environment, produce a logical diagram of hardware and software infrastructure showing the contents of the environment and logical communications between components. Where available, collect capacity information on the deployed infrastructure.

For each environment, produce a physical diagram of communications infrastructure, such as routers, switches, firewalls, and network links. Where available, collect capacity information on the communications infrastructure.

The TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content contains a detailed description of diagrams which should be considered for development within a Technology Architecture, describing them in detail and relating them to entities, attributes, and relationships in the TOGAF Enterprise Metamodel.

8.3.1.5 Identify Types of Requirement to be Collected

Once the Technology Architecture catalogs, matrices, and diagrams have been developed, architecture modeling is completed by formalizing the technology-focused requirements for implementing the Target Architecture.

These requirements may:

• Relate to the technology domain
• Provide detailed guidance to be reflected during design and implementation to ensure that the solution addresses the original architecture requirements

Within this step, the architect should identify requirements that should be met by the architecture (see 13.5.2 Requirements Development).

8.3.1.6 Select Services

The services portfolios are combinations of basic services from the service categories in the defined taxonomy that do not conflict. The combination of services are again tested to ensure support for the applications. This is a prerequisite to the later step of defining the architecture fully.

The previously identified requirements can provide more detailed information about:

• Requirements for organization-specific elements or pre-existing decisions (as applicable)
• Pre-existing and unchanging organizational elements (as applicable)
• Inherited external environment constraints

Where requirements demand definition of specialized services that are not identified in the TOGAF Standard, consideration should be given to how these might be replaced if standardized services become available in the future.

For each building block, build up a service description portfolio as a set of non-conflicting services. The set of services must be tested to ensure that the functionality provided meets application requirements.

8.3.2 Develop Baseline Technology Architecture Description

Develop a Baseline Description of the existing Technology Architecture, to support the Target Technology Architecture. The scope and level of detail to be defined will depend on the extent to which existing technology components are likely to be carried over into the Target Technology Architecture, and on whether architectural descriptions exist, as described in 8.5 Approach .

Identify the relevant Technology Architecture building blocks, drawing on any artifacts held in the Architecture Repository. If nothing exists within the Architecture Repository, define each application in line with the Technology Portfolio catalog (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content).

Begin by converting the description of the existing environment into the terms of the organization's taxonomy of technology services and technology components (e.g., the TOGAF Technical Reference Model (TRM)). This will allow the team developing the architecture to gain experience and understanding of the taxonomy. The team may be able to take advantage of a previous architectural definition, but it is assumed that some adaptation may be required to match the architectural definition techniques described as part of this process. Another important task is to set down a list of key questions which can be used later in the development process to measure the effectiveness of the new architecture.

Where new architecture models need to be developed to satisfy stakeholder concerns, use the models identified within Step 1 as a guideline for creating new architecture content to describe the Baseline Architecture.

8.3.3 Develop Target Technology Architecture Description

Develop a Target Description for the Technology Architecture, to the extent necessary to support the Architecture Vision, Target Business Architecture, and Target Information Systems Architecture. The scope and level of detail to be defined will depend on the relevance of the technology elements to attaining the Target Architecture, and on whether architectural descriptions exist. To the extent possible, identify the relevant Technology Architecture building blocks, drawing on the Architecture Repository (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content).

A key process in the creation of a broad architectural model of the target system is the conceptualization of building blocks. ABBs describe the functionality and how they may be implemented without the detail introduced by configuration or detailed design. The method of defining building blocks, along with some general guidelines for their use in creating an architectural model, is described in the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content.

Where new architecture models need to be developed to satisfy stakeholder concerns, use the models identified within Step 1 as a guideline for creating new architecture content to describe the Target Architecture.

If appropriate, investigate different Target Architecture alternatives and discuss these with stakeholders using the Architecture Alternatives and Trade-offs technique (see the TOGAF Standard — ADM Techniques).

8.3.4 Perform Gap Analysis

Verify the architecture models for internal consistency and accuracy:

• Perform trade-off analysis to resolve conflicts (if any) among the different views
• Validate that the models support the principles, objectives, and constraints
• Note changes to the viewpoint represented in the selected models from the Architecture Repository, and document
• Test architecture models for completeness against requirements

Identify gaps between the baseline and target, using the gap analysis technique as described in the TOGAF Standard — ADM Techniques.

8.3.5 Define Candidate Roadmap Components

Following the creation of a Baseline Architecture, Target Architecture, and gap analysis, a Technology Roadmap is required to prioritize activities over the coming phases.

This initial Technology Architecture roadmap will be used as raw material to support more detailed definition of a consolidated, cross-discipline roadmap within the Opportunities & Solutions phase.

8.3.6 Resolve Impacts Across the Architecture Landscape

Once the Technology Architecture is finalized, it is necessary to understand any wider impacts or implications.

At this stage, other architecture artifacts in the Architecture Landscape should be examined to identify:

• Does this Technology Architecture create an impact on any pre-existing architectures?
• Have recent changes been made that impact the Technology Architecture?
• Are there any opportunities to leverage work from this Technology Architecture in other areas of the organization?
• Does this Technology Architecture impact other projects (including those planned as well as those currently in progress)?
• Will this Technology Architecture be impacted by other projects (including those planned as well as those currently in progress)?

8.3.7 Conduct Formal Stakeholder Review

Check the original motivation for the architecture project and the Statement of Architecture Work against the proposed Technology Architecture, asking if it is fit for the purpose of supporting subsequent work in the other architecture domains. Refine the proposed Technology Architecture only if necessary.

8.3.8 Finalize the Technology Architecture

• Select standards for each of the building blocks, re-using as much as possible from the reference models selected from the Architecture Repository
• Fully document each building block
• Conduct a final cross-check of overall architecture against business goals; document the rationale for building block decisions in the architecture document
• Document the final requirements traceability report
• Document the final mapping of the architecture within the Architecture Repository; from the selected building blocks, identify those that might be re-used (working practices, roles, business relationships, job descriptions, etc.), and publish via the Architecture Repository
• Finalize all the work products, such as gap analysis

8.3.9 Create/Update the Architecture Definition Document

Document the rationale for building block decisions in the Architecture Definition Document.

Prepare the technology sections of the Architecture Definition Document, comprising some or all of:

• Fundamental functionality and attributes — semantic, unambiguous including security capability and manageability
• Dependent building blocks with required functionality and named interfaces
• Interfaces — chosen set, supplied (APIs, data formats, protocols, hardware interfaces, standards)
• Map to business/organizational entities and policies

If appropriate, use reports and/or graphics generated by modeling tools to demonstrate key views of the architecture. Route the document for review by relevant stakeholders, and incorporate feedback.

8.4 Outputs

The outputs of Phase D may include, but are not restricted to:

• Refined and updated versions of the Architecture Vision phase deliverables, where applicable:
  • Statement of Architecture Work (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content), updated if necessary
  • Validated technology principles, or new technology principles (if generated here)
• Draft Architecture Definition Document (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content), including:
  • Baseline Technology Architecture, Approved, if appropriate
  • Target Technology Architecture, Approved, including:
    • Technology Components and their relationships to information systems
    • Technology platforms and their decomposition, showing the combinations of technology required to realize a particular technology "stack"
    • Environments and locations — a grouping of the required technology into computing environments (e.g., development, production)
    • Expected processing load and distribution of load across technology components
    • Physical (network) communications
    • Hardware and network specifications
    
    
  • Views corresponding to the selected viewpoints addressing key stakeholder concerns
• Draft Architecture Requirements Specification (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content), including such Technology Architecture requirements as:
  • Gap analysis results
  • Requirements output from Phases B and C
  • Updated technology requirements
• Technology Architecture components of an Architecture Roadmap (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content)

The TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content contains a detailed description of architectural artifacts which might be produced in this phase.

8.5 Approach

8.5.1 Emerging Technologies

The evolution of new technologies is a major driver for change in enterprises looking for new innovative ways of operating and improving their business. The Technology Architecture needs to capture the transformation opportunities available to the enterprise through the adoption of new technology.

While the Enterprise Architecture is led by business concerns, drivers for change are often found within evolving technology capabilities. As more digital innovations reach the market, stakeholders need to both anticipate and be open to technology-driven change. Part of Digital Transformation has arisen due to the convergence of telecommunications and computer capabilities which have opened up new ways of implementing infrastructures.

Solution development methods are also evolving to challenge traditional development methods and are putting pressure on the shared services and common use benefits of the traditional Enterprise Architecture approach. Without a strong Enterprise Architecture approach, the rapid adoption of changing technologies will cause discontinuities across the enterprise.

The flexibility of the TOGAF ADM enables technology change to become a driver and strategic resource rather than a recipient of Change Requests. As a result, the Technology Architecture may both drive business capabilities and respond to information system requirements at the same time.

8.5.2 Architecture Repository

As part of Phase D, the architecture team will need to consider what relevant Technology Architecture resources are available in the Architecture Repository (see the TOGAF Standard — Architecture Content).

In particular:

• Existing IT services as documented in the IT repository or IT service catalog
• The adopted technical reference model, if applicable
• Generic technology models relevant to the organization's industry sector
• Technology models relevant to Common Systems Architectures
  • The Open Group has a Reference Model for Integrated Information Infrastructure (III-RM) — see the TOGAF® Series Guide: The TOGAF Integrated Information Infrastructure Reference Model (III-RM) — that focuses on the application-level components and underlying services necessary to provide an integrated information infrastructure

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